The Sacred Band
Three Hundred Theban Lovers
Fighting to Save Greek Freedom
A thrilling deep dive into the last decades of ancient Greek freedom leading up to Alexander the Great’s destruction of Thebes—and the saga of the greatest military corps of the age, the Theban Sacred Band, a unit composed of 150 pairs of male lovers.
The story of the Sacred Band, an elite 300-man corps recruited from pairs of lovers, highlights a chaotic era of ancient Greek history, four decades marked by battles, ideological disputes, and the rise of vicious strongmen. At stake was freedom, democracy, and the fate of Thebes, at this time the leading power of the Greek world.
The tale begins in 379 BC, with a group of Theban patriots sneaking into occupied Thebes. Disguised in women’s clothing, they cut down the agents of Sparta, the state that had cowed much of Greece with its military might. To counter the Spartans, this group of patriots would form the Sacred Band, a corps whose history plays out against a backdrop of Theban democracy, of desperate power struggles between leading city-states, and the new prominence of eros, sexual love, in Greek public life.
After four decades without a defeat, the Sacred Band was annihilated by the forces of Philip II of Macedon and his son Alexander in the Battle of Chaeronea—extinguishing Greek liberty for two thousand years. Buried on the battlefield where they fell, they were rediscovered in 1880—some skeletons still in pairs, with arms linked together.
From violent combat in city streets to massive clashes on open ground, from ruthless tyrants to bold women who held their era in thrall, The Sacred Band follows the twists and turns of a crucial historical moment: the end of the treasured freedom of ancient Greece.
"Lively and captivating ... this first full-length popular account dedicated to the “Sacred Band” performs a vital and overdue service: for classical history buffs, for readers interested in gay history and culture, and for anyone who appreciates a fascinating story, grippingly told."
– Daniel Mendelsohn, author of An Odyssey: A Father, a Son, and an Epic
"An immersive and deeply atmospheric story of strength and power – a power founded, above anything else, on love and belief. I can think of 300 reasons to recommend this book."
– Daisy Dunn, author of The Shadow of Vesuvius: A Life of Pliny
"In this remarkable book, centered on the hard-luck city of Thebes and marshalling the details of a huge historical and mythological landscape, every character receives the same compassion and specificity that Homer lavishes on the heroes of the Iliad. James Romm brings energy and relevance to an epic chapter of ancient history."
– Mary Norris, author of Greek To Me: Adventures of the Comma Queen
"James Romm has written a wonderfully readable book about one of the most fascinating and least known stories from the ancient world. Beginning with the Theban rebellion throwing off Spartan control to the destruction of the city by Alexander the Great, the tale of the rise and fall of Theban freedom resonates even today."
– Philip Freeman, author of Alexander the Great
"There are several famous 300s in human history but few deserve to be commemorated as does the Sacred Band of the ancient Greek city of Thebes — as James Romm, already very well known as a reviewer, translator, commentator and Herodotus expert, so amply demonstrates in this splendid, pioneering, indeed loving book. Their starburst was brief, just four decades, but in that moment they laid down a memorial for all time, to which Professor Romm's opportune monograph does full justice."
– Paul Cartledge, author of Thebes: The Forgotten City of Ancient Greece
“Bound by love, virtue, and valor, the Sacred Band of Thebes fought for Greek freedom and democracy, for more than a generation in a turbulent era ended by Macedonian conquest in 338 BC. James Romm has delved deep into the history and even the archaeology of this famous, little-understood corps of 300 lover-companions. The result is an exhilarating story of eros and power.”
– Adrienne Mayor, author of Gods and Robots
From Kirkus:
A vivid portrait of ancient Thebes. In 1880, archaeologists discovered a mass grave, dug by Thebans in 338 B.C.E., containing 254 skeletons laid side by side. The discovery was never published, the grave covered up. Thankfully, a researcher for this book located the chief excavator’s notebook, containing drawings of each skeleton—several reproduced in this volume—that document in meticulous detail the unique features of the burial site. As Bard College classics professor Romm reveals, the skeletons composed “a unique infantry corp” of male lovers, fighting in pairs, known to Greeks as the Sacred Band.” The Age of the Sacred Band spanned four decades, 382 B.C.E. to 335 B.C.E., during which Thebes enjoyed victories against Sparta and Athens, the two cities most prominent in histories of ancient Greece. The author offers a corrective to that view by focusing on democratic Thebes, which had founded Messene, “a city that sheltered Sparta’s escaped slaves”; defeated Sparta at the Battle of Leuctra in 371; and remained undefeated until, in 338, it confronted the ruthless Alexander the Great. Decades of war saw decisive shifts of power: Sparta occupied Thebes and invaded Boetia; Thebes invaded the Peloponnese and nearly captured Sparta. “Athens had aided Thebes when Sparta was winning,” Romm writes, “then allied with weakened Sparta against Thebes.” Romm weaves into a brisk narrative of military strategies, expedient alliances, supernatural interventions, and political rivalries an examination of the idea of the male eros, which Greek texts—including Plutarch’s Parallel Lives and Plato’s Symposium and Phaedrus—as well as the existence of the Sacred Band itself, made visible for the first time. Drawing on 19th-century documents, Romm shows how deeply the Sacred Band interested homosexuals such as Oscar Wilde, Walt Whitman, and John Addington Symonds, who identified himself as “Uranian,” a term derived from Plato. As in ancient Greece, Uranians were heartened to discover the connection of male eros to heroism and valor. A spirited, informative classical history from an expert on the subject.
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